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Chebyshev polynomials

Table of contents: Definitions - Tables - Specific values - Zeros and extrema - Symmetries - Orthogonality - Differential equations - Recurrence relations - Order transformations - Trigonometric formulas - Power formulas - Product representations - Sum representations - Hypergeometric representations - Generating functions - Derivatives - Bounds and inequalities

Definitions

1a0c43
Symbol: ChebyshevT — Tn ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) — Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind
d4e9aa
Symbol: ChebyshevU — Un ⁣(x)U_{n}\!\left(x\right) — Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind

Tables

85e42e
Table of Tn ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) for 0≤n≤150 \le n \le 15
fd8310
Table of Un ⁣(x)U_{n}\!\left(x\right) for 0≤n≤150 \le n \le 15

Specific values

c76e72
T0 ⁣(x)=1T_{0}\!\left(x\right) = 1
be5652
T1 ⁣(x)=xT_{1}\!\left(x\right) = x
48765b
U0 ⁣(x)=1U_{0}\!\left(x\right) = 1
75eacb
U1 ⁣(x)=2xU_{1}\!\left(x\right) = 2 x
9001e6
U−1 ⁣(x)=0U_{-1}\!\left(x\right) = 0
fc5d42
Tn ⁣(1)=1T_{n}\!\left(1\right) = 1
2760e7
Tn ⁣(−1)=(−1)nT_{n}\!\left(-1\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n}
a46d91
T2n ⁣(0)=(−1)nT_{2 n}\!\left(0\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n}
42102c
T2n+1 ⁣(0)=0T_{2 n + 1}\!\left(0\right) = 0
e03fa4
Un ⁣(1)=n+1U_{n}\!\left(1\right) = n + 1
be9a45
Un ⁣(−1)=(−1)n(n+1)U_{n}\!\left(-1\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} \left(n + 1\right)
2a5337
U2n ⁣(0)=(−1)nU_{2 n}\!\left(0\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n}
7d111e
U2n+1 ⁣(0)=0U_{2 n + 1}\!\left(0\right) = 0

Zeros and extrema

7a7d1d
zeros⁡ x∈CTn ⁣(x)={cos⁡ ⁣(2k−12nπ):k∈{1,2,…,n}}\mathop{\operatorname{zeros}\,}\limits_{x \in \mathbb{C}} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \left\{ \cos\!\left(\frac{2 k - 1}{2 n} \pi\right) : k \in \{1, 2, \ldots, n\} \right\}
ce39ac
zeros⁡ x∈CUn ⁣(x)={cos⁡ ⁣(kn+1π):k∈{1,2,…,n}}\mathop{\operatorname{zeros}\,}\limits_{x \in \mathbb{C}} U_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \left\{ \cos\!\left(\frac{k}{n + 1} \pi\right) : k \in \{1, 2, \ldots, n\} \right\}
3d25dd
solutions⁡ x∈C[Tn ⁣(x)∈{−1,1}]={cos⁡ ⁣(knπ):k∈{0,1,…,n}}\mathop{\operatorname{solutions}\,}\limits_{x \in \mathbb{C}} \left[T_{n}\!\left(x\right) \in \left\{-1, 1\right\}\right] = \left\{ \cos\!\left(\frac{k}{n} \pi\right) : k \in \{0, 1, \ldots, n\} \right\}
b5a25e
solutions⁡ x∈C[Tn ⁣(x)=1]={cos⁡ ⁣(2knπ):k∈{0,1,…,⌊n2⌋}}\mathop{\operatorname{solutions}\,}\limits_{x \in \mathbb{C}} \left[T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = 1\right] = \left\{ \cos\!\left(\frac{2 k}{n} \pi\right) : k \in \{0, 1, \ldots, \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor\} \right\}
db2b0a
solutions⁡ x∈C[Tn ⁣(x)=−1]={cos⁡ ⁣(2k−1nπ):k∈{1,2,…,⌊n+12⌋}}\mathop{\operatorname{solutions}\,}\limits_{x \in \mathbb{C}} \left[T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = -1\right] = \left\{ \cos\!\left(\frac{2 k - 1}{n} \pi\right) : k \in \{1, 2, \ldots, \left\lfloor \frac{n + 1}{2} \right\rfloor\} \right\}

Symmetries

6a24ab
Tn ⁣(−x)=(−1)nTn ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(-x\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} T_{n}\!\left(x\right)
88aeb6
Un ⁣(−x)=(−1)nUn ⁣(x)U_{n}\!\left(-x\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} U_{n}\!\left(x\right)
9093a3
T−n ⁣(x)=Tn ⁣(x)T_{-n}\!\left(x\right) = T_{n}\!\left(x\right)
78f5bb
U−n ⁣(x)=−Un−2 ⁣(x)U_{-n}\!\left(x\right) = -U_{n - 2}\!\left(x\right)

Orthogonality

2c26a1
∫−11Tn ⁣(x)Tm ⁣(x)11−x2 dx={0,n≠mπ,n=m=0π2,n=m  and⁡  n≠0\int_{-1}^{1} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) T_{m}\!\left(x\right) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - {x}^{2}}} \, dx = \begin{cases} 0, & n \ne m\\\pi, & n = m = 0\\\frac{\pi}{2}, & n = m \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; n \ne 0\\ \end{cases}
473c36
∫−11Un ⁣(x)Um ⁣(x)1−x2 dx={0,n≠mπ2,n=m\int_{-1}^{1} U_{n}\!\left(x\right) U_{m}\!\left(x\right) \sqrt{1 - {x}^{2}} \, dx = \begin{cases} 0, & n \ne m\\\frac{\pi}{2}, & n = m\\ \end{cases}
3d77ab
∫−11Tn ⁣(x)xm11−x2 dx=0\int_{-1}^{1} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) {x}^{m} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - {x}^{2}}} \, dx = 0

Differential equations

0ed026
(1−x2)y′′(x)−xy′(x)+n2y(x)=0   where y(x)=c1Tn ⁣(x)+c2Un−1 ⁣(x)1−x2\left(1 - {x}^{2}\right) y''(x) - x y'(x) + {n}^{2} y(x) = 0\; \text{ where } y(x) = {c}_{1} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) + {c}_{2} U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) \sqrt{1 - {x}^{2}}
30b67b
(1−x2)y′′(x)−3xy′(x)+n(n+2)y(x)=0   where y(x)=c1Un ⁣(x)+c2Tn+1 ⁣(x)1−x2\left(1 - {x}^{2}\right) y''(x) - 3 x y'(x) + n \left(n + 2\right) y(x) = 0\; \text{ where } y(x) = {c}_{1} U_{n}\!\left(x\right) + {c}_{2} \frac{T_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right)}{\sqrt{1 - {x}^{2}}}

Recurrence relations

faeed9
Tn ⁣(x)=2xTn−1 ⁣(x)−Tn−2 ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = 2 x T_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) - T_{n - 2}\!\left(x\right)
d1ef91
Un ⁣(x)=2xUn−1 ⁣(x)−Un−2 ⁣(x)U_{n}\!\left(x\right) = 2 x U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) - U_{n - 2}\!\left(x\right)
8a785a
Tn ⁣(x)=2xTn+1 ⁣(x)−Tn+2 ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = 2 x T_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right) - T_{n + 2}\!\left(x\right)
303204
Un ⁣(x)=2xUn+1 ⁣(x)−Un+2 ⁣(x)U_{n}\!\left(x\right) = 2 x U_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right) - U_{n + 2}\!\left(x\right)
7b2c26
Tn ⁣(x)=xTn−1 ⁣(x)−(1−x2)Un−2 ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = x T_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) - \left(1 - {x}^{2}\right) U_{n - 2}\!\left(x\right)
ce5e03
Un ⁣(x)=xUn−1 ⁣(x)+Tn ⁣(x)U_{n}\!\left(x\right) = x U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) + T_{n}\!\left(x\right)
0649c9
Tn ⁣(x)=Un ⁣(x)−Un−2 ⁣(x)2T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \frac{U_{n}\!\left(x\right) - U_{n - 2}\!\left(x\right)}{2}
844561
Tn ⁣(x)=Un ⁣(x)−xUn−1 ⁣(x)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = U_{n}\!\left(x\right) - x U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right)

Order transformations

7e882c
Tm ⁣(Tn ⁣(x))=Tmn ⁣(x)T_{m}\!\left(T_{n}\!\left(x\right)\right) = T_{m n}\!\left(x\right)
ed5222
Tm ⁣(x)Tn ⁣(x)=Tm+n ⁣(x)+T∣m−n∣ ⁣(x)2T_{m}\!\left(x\right) T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \frac{T_{m + n}\!\left(x\right) + T_{\left|m - n\right|}\!\left(x\right)}{2}
4b83c6
T2n ⁣(x)=2Tn2 ⁣(x)−1T_{2 n}\!\left(x\right) = 2 T_{n}^{2}\!\left(x\right) - 1
de0968
T2n+1 ⁣(x)=2Tn+1 ⁣(x)Tn ⁣(x)−xT_{2 n + 1}\!\left(x\right) = 2 T_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right) T_{n}\!\left(x\right) - x
82288c
T2n ⁣(x)=Tn ⁣(2x2−1)T_{2 n}\!\left(x\right) = T_{n}\!\left(2 {x}^{2} - 1\right)
5f09f4
U2n ⁣(x)=Tn ⁣(2x2−1)+Un−1 ⁣(2x2−1)U_{2 n}\!\left(x\right) = T_{n}\!\left(2 {x}^{2} - 1\right) + U_{n - 1}\!\left(2 {x}^{2} - 1\right)

Trigonometric formulas

fda800
Tn ⁣(x)=cos⁡ ⁣(nacos⁡(x))T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \cos\!\left(n \operatorname{acos}(x)\right)
2fc479
Tn ⁣(x)=cosh⁡ ⁣(nacosh⁡(x))T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \cosh\!\left(n \operatorname{acosh}(x)\right)
b8fdcd
Un−1 ⁣(x)1−x2=sin⁡ ⁣(nacos⁡(x))U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) \sqrt{1 - {x}^{2}} = \sin\!\left(n \operatorname{acos}(x)\right)
f4b3fa
Tn ⁣(cos⁡(x))=cos⁡ ⁣(nx)T_{n}\!\left(\cos(x)\right) = \cos\!\left(n x\right)
4c7aeb
Un ⁣(cos⁡(x))sin⁡(x)=sin⁡ ⁣(nx)U_{n}\!\left(\cos(x)\right) \sin(x) = \sin\!\left(n x\right)
9789ee
T2n+1 ⁣(sin⁡(x))=(−1)nsin⁡ ⁣((2n+1)x)T_{2 n + 1}\!\left(\sin(x)\right) = {\left(-1\right)}^{n} \sin\!\left(\left(2 n + 1\right) x\right)

Power formulas

0cbe75
Tn ⁣(x)=12((x+x2−1)n+(x−x2−1)n)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \frac{1}{2} \left({\left(x + \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)}^{n} + {\left(x - \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)}^{n}\right)
61375f
Un−1 ⁣(x)x2−1=12((x+x2−1)n−(x−x2−1)n)U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1} = \frac{1}{2} \left({\left(x + \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)}^{n} - {\left(x - \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)}^{n}\right)
fdf80d
Tn ⁣(x)+Un−1 ⁣(x)x2−1=(x+x2−1)nT_{n}\!\left(x\right) + U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1} = {\left(x + \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)}^{n}
42eb01
Tn2 ⁣(x)+(x2−1)Un−12 ⁣(x)=1T_{n}^{2}\!\left(x\right) + \left({x}^{2} - 1\right) U_{n - 1}^{2}\!\left(x\right) = 1
5bd0ec
Tn ⁣(x+x−12)=xn+x−n2T_{n}\!\left(\frac{x + {x}^{-1}}{2}\right) = \frac{{x}^{n} + {x}^{-n}}{2}

Product representations

305a29
Tn ⁣(x)=2n−1∏k=1n(x−cos⁡ ⁣(2k−12nπ))T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = {2}^{n - 1} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \left(x - \cos\!\left(\frac{2 k - 1}{2 n} \pi\right)\right)
f5fa23
Un ⁣(x)=2n∏k=1n(x−cos⁡ ⁣(kn+1π))U_{n}\!\left(x\right) = {2}^{n} \prod_{k=1}^{n} \left(x - \cos\!\left(\frac{k}{n + 1} \pi\right)\right)

Sum representations

99aa38
Tn ⁣(x)=n2∑k=0⌊n/2⌋(−1)kn−k(n−kk)(2x)n−2kT_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \frac{n}{2} \sum_{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n / 2 \right\rfloor} \frac{{\left(-1\right)}^{k}}{n - k} {n - k \choose k} {\left(2 x\right)}^{n - 2 k}
50cb6b
Un ⁣(x)=∑k=0⌊n/2⌋(−1)k(n−kk)(2x)n−2kU_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n / 2 \right\rfloor} {\left(-1\right)}^{k} {n - k \choose k} {\left(2 x\right)}^{n - 2 k}
ae791d
Tn ⁣(x)=∑k=0⌊n/2⌋(n2k)(x2−1)kxn−2kT_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n / 2 \right\rfloor} {n \choose 2 k} {\left({x}^{2} - 1\right)}^{k} {x}^{n - 2 k}
4f3e30
Tn ⁣(x)=n2∑k=0⌊n/2⌋(−1)k(n−k−1)!k!(n−2k)!(2x)n−2kT_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \frac{n}{2} \sum_{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n / 2 \right\rfloor} \frac{{\left(-1\right)}^{k} \left(n - k - 1\right)!}{k ! \left(n - 2 k\right)!} {\left(2 x\right)}^{n - 2 k}
e9232b
Tn ⁣(x)=n∑k=0n2k(n+k−1)!(n−k)!(2k)!(x−1)kT_{n}\!\left(x\right) = n \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{{2}^{k} \left(n + k - 1\right)!}{\left(n - k\right)! \left(2 k\right)!} {\left(x - 1\right)}^{k}
4e914f
Un ⁣(x)=∑k=0⌊n/2⌋(n+12k+1)(x2−1)kxn−2kU_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{\left\lfloor n / 2 \right\rfloor} {n + 1 \choose 2 k + 1} {\left({x}^{2} - 1\right)}^{k} {x}^{n - 2 k}
a9077a
Un ⁣(x)=∑k=0n2k(n+k+1)!(n−k)!(2k+1)!(x−1)kU_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{{2}^{k} \left(n + k + 1\right)!}{\left(n - k\right)! \left(2 k + 1\right)!} {\left(x - 1\right)}^{k}

Hypergeometric representations

382679
Tn ⁣(x)= 2F1 ⁣(−n,n,12,1−x2)T_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \,{}_2F_1\!\left(-n, n, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1 - x}{2}\right)
ce9a39
Un ⁣(x)=(n+1) 2F1 ⁣(−n,n+2,32,1−x2)U_{n}\!\left(x\right) = \left(n + 1\right) \,{}_2F_1\!\left(-n, n + 2, \frac{3}{2}, \frac{1 - x}{2}\right)

Generating functions

685d1a
∑n=0∞Tn ⁣(x)zn=1−xz1−2xz+z2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) {z}^{n} = \frac{1 - x z}{1 - 2 x z + {z}^{2}}
b5049d
∑n=0∞Un ⁣(x)zn=11−2xz+z2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} U_{n}\!\left(x\right) {z}^{n} = \frac{1}{1 - 2 x z + {z}^{2}}
27b2bb
∑n=1∞Tn ⁣(x)znn=−12log⁡ ⁣(1−2xz+z2)\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) \frac{{z}^{n}}{n} = -\frac{1}{2} \log\!\left(1 - 2 x z + {z}^{2}\right)
9d7c61
∑n=0∞Tn ⁣(x)znn!=ezxcosh⁡ ⁣(zx2−1)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} T_{n}\!\left(x\right) \frac{{z}^{n}}{n !} = {e}^{z x} \cosh\!\left(z \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)
fff8ff
∑n=0∞Un ⁣(x)znn!=ezx(cosh⁡ ⁣(zx2−1)+zxsinc⁡ ⁣(izx2−1))\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} U_{n}\!\left(x\right) \frac{{z}^{n}}{n !} = {e}^{z x} \left(\cosh\!\left(z \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right) + z x \operatorname{sinc}\!\left(i z \sqrt{{x}^{2} - 1}\right)\right)

Derivatives

1a0d11
Tn′(x)=nUn−1 ⁣(x)T'_{n}(x) = n U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right)
05fe07
Tn′′(x)=n(nTn ⁣(x)−xUn−1 ⁣(x))x2−1T''_{n}(x) = \frac{n \left(n T_{n}\!\left(x\right) - x U_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right)\right)}{{x}^{2} - 1}
35e13b
Un′(x)=(n+1)Tn+1 ⁣(x)−xUn ⁣(x)x2−1U'_{n}(x) = \frac{\left(n + 1\right) T_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right) - x U_{n}\!\left(x\right)}{{x}^{2} - 1}
12ce84
Tn(r)(x)=(n)r(n−r+1)r(2r−1)!! 2F1 ⁣(r+n,r−n,12+r,1−x2){T}^{(r)}_{n}(x) = \frac{\left(n\right)_{r} \left(n - r + 1\right)_{r}}{\left(2 r - 1\right)!!} \,{}_2F_1\!\left(r + n, r - n, \frac{1}{2} + r, \frac{1 - x}{2}\right)
9d66de
Un(r)(x)=(n+1)r+1(n−r+1)r(2r+1)!! 2F1 ⁣(r+n+2,r−n,32+r,1−x2){U}^{(r)}_{n}(x) = \frac{\left(n + 1\right)_{r + 1} \left(n - r + 1\right)_{r}}{\left(2 r + 1\right)!!} \,{}_2F_1\!\left(r + n + 2, r - n, \frac{3}{2} + r, \frac{1 - x}{2}\right)
a68f0e
Tn(r)(1)=(n)r(n−r+1)r(2r−1)!!{T}^{(r)}_{n}(1) = \frac{\left(n\right)_{r} \left(n - r + 1\right)_{r}}{\left(2 r - 1\right)!!}
b6b014
Un(r)(1)=(n+1)r+1(n−r+1)r(2r+1)!!{U}^{(r)}_{n}(1) = \frac{\left(n + 1\right)_{r + 1} \left(n - r + 1\right)_{r}}{\left(2 r + 1\right)!!}
6582c4
Tn(r)(x)=π(x−1)r 3F2 ⁣(1,−n,n,12,1−r,1−x2){T}^{(r)}_{n}(x) = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{{\left(x - 1\right)}^{r}} \,{}_3{\textbf F}_2\!\left(1, -n, n, \frac{1}{2}, 1 - r, \frac{1 - x}{2}\right)
e1797b
Un(r)(x)=π(n+1)2(x−1)r 3F2 ⁣(1,−n,n+2,32,1−r,1−x2){U}^{(r)}_{n}(x) = \frac{\sqrt{\pi} \left(n + 1\right)}{2 {\left(x - 1\right)}^{r}} \,{}_3{\textbf F}_2\!\left(1, -n, n + 2, \frac{3}{2}, 1 - r, \frac{1 - x}{2}\right)

Bounds and inequalities

Upper bounds

15dd69
∣Tn ⁣(x)∣≤1\left|T_{n}\!\left(x\right)\right| \le 1
3c662e
∣Un ⁣(x)∣≤∣n+1∣\left|U_{n}\!\left(x\right)\right| \le \left|n + 1\right|
c718ea
∣Tn ⁣(z)∣≤∣Tn ⁣(i∣z∣)∣\left|T_{n}\!\left(z\right)\right| \le \left|T_{n}\!\left(i \left|z\right|\right)\right|
0b3fd6
∣Un ⁣(z)∣≤∣Un ⁣(i∣z∣)∣\left|U_{n}\!\left(z\right)\right| \le \left|U_{n}\!\left(i \left|z\right|\right)\right|
443759
∣Tn ⁣(z)∣≤(∣z∣+∣z∣2+1)n\left|T_{n}\!\left(z\right)\right| \le {\left(\left|z\right| + \sqrt{{\left|z\right|}^{2} + 1}\right)}^{n}
2a4b9d
∣Un ⁣(z)∣≤(∣z∣+∣z∣2+1)n\left|U_{n}\!\left(z\right)\right| \le {\left(\left|z\right| + \sqrt{{\left|z\right|}^{2} + 1}\right)}^{n}

Turán's inequalities

b0c84b
(Tn ⁣(x))2−Tn−1 ⁣(x)Tn+1 ⁣(x)≥0{\left(T_{n}\!\left(x\right)\right)}^{2} - T_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) T_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right) \ge 0
2ada0f
(Tn ⁣(x))2−Tn−1 ⁣(x)Tn+1 ⁣(x)>0{\left(T_{n}\!\left(x\right)\right)}^{2} - T_{n - 1}\!\left(x\right) T_{n + 1}\!\left(x\right) > 0

Inequalities for real x not in the interval [-1, 1]

54be3e
∣Tn−1(r)(x)∣≤∣Tn(r)(x)∣\left|{T}^{(r)}_{n - 1}(x)\right| \le \left|{T}^{(r)}_{n}(x)\right|
f61927
Tn ⁣(xy)≤Tn ⁣(x)Tn ⁣(y)T_{n}\!\left(x y\right) \le T_{n}\!\left(x\right) T_{n}\!\left(y\right)

Copyright (C) Fredrik Johansson and contributors. Fungrim is provided under the MIT license. The source code is on GitHub.

2021-03-15 19:12:00.328586 UTC