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Gauss hypergeometric function

Table of contents: Hypergeometric series - Differential equations - Specific values - Symmetries - Linear fractional transformations - Bounds and inequalities

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Symbol: Hypergeometric2F1 —  2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) — Gauss hypergeometric function
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Symbol: Hypergeometric2F1Regularized —  2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) — Regularized Gauss hypergeometric function

Hypergeometric series

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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=∑k=0∞(a)k(b)k(c)kzkk!\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\left(a\right)_{k} \left(b\right)_{k}}{\left(c\right)_{k}} \frac{{z}^{k}}{k !}
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=∑k=0∞(a)k(b)kΓ ⁣(c+k)zkk!\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{\left(a\right)_{k} \left(b\right)_{k}}{\Gamma\!\left(c + k\right)} \frac{{z}^{k}}{k !}
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)= 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)Γ(c)\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \frac{\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right)}{\Gamma(c)}
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,−n,z)=(a)n+1(b)n+1zn+1(n+1)! 2F1 ⁣(a+n+1,b+n+1,n+2,z)\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, -n, z\right) = \frac{\left(a\right)_{n + 1} \left(b\right)_{n + 1} {z}^{n + 1}}{\left(n + 1\right)!} \,{}_2F_1\!\left(a + n + 1, b + n + 1, n + 2, z\right)

Differential equations

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z(1−z)y′′(z)+(c−(a+b+1)z)y′(z)−aby(z)=0   where y(z)= 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)z \left(1 - z\right) y''(z) + \left(c - \left(a + b + 1\right) z\right) y'(z) - a b y(z) = 0\; \text{ where } y(z) = \,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right)

Specific values

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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,0)=1\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, 0\right) = 1
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,1)=Γ(c)Γ ⁣(c−a−b)Γ ⁣(c−a)Γ ⁣(c−b)\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, 1\right) = \frac{\Gamma(c) \Gamma\!\left(c - a - b\right)}{\Gamma\!\left(c - a\right) \Gamma\!\left(c - b\right)}
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 2F1 ⁣(1,1,2,z)=−log⁡ ⁣(1−z)z\,{}_2F_1\!\left(1, 1, 2, z\right) = -\frac{\log\!\left(1 - z\right)}{z}
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,b,z)=(1−z)−a\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, b, z\right) = {\left(1 - z\right)}^{-a}

Symmetries

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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)= 2F1 ⁣(b,a,c,z)\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \,{}_2F_1\!\left(b, a, c, z\right)
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)= 2F1 ⁣(a‾,b‾,c‾,z‾)‾\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \overline{\,{}_2F_1\!\left(\overline{a}, \overline{b}, \overline{c}, \overline{z}\right)}

Linear fractional transformations

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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=(1−z)c−a−b 2F1 ⁣(c−a,c−b,c,z)\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = {\left(1 - z\right)}^{c - a - b} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(c - a, c - b, c, z\right)
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=(1−z)−a 2F1 ⁣(a,c−b,c,zz−1)\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = {\left(1 - z\right)}^{-a} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, c - b, c, \frac{z}{z - 1}\right)
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 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=(1−z)−b 2F1 ⁣(c−a,b,c,zz−1)\,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = {\left(1 - z\right)}^{-b} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(c - a, b, c, \frac{z}{z - 1}\right)
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sin⁡ ⁣(π(b−a))π 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=(−z)−aΓ(b)Γ ⁣(c−a) 2F1 ⁣(a,a−c+1,a−b+1,1z)−(−z)−bΓ(a)Γ ⁣(c−b) 2F1 ⁣(b,b−c+1,b−a+1,1z)\frac{\sin\!\left(\pi \left(b - a\right)\right)}{\pi} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \frac{{\left(-z\right)}^{-a}}{\Gamma(b) \Gamma\!\left(c - a\right)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, a - c + 1, a - b + 1, \frac{1}{z}\right) - \frac{{\left(-z\right)}^{-b}}{\Gamma(a) \Gamma\!\left(c - b\right)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(b, b - c + 1, b - a + 1, \frac{1}{z}\right)
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sin⁡ ⁣(π(b−a))π 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=(1−z)−aΓ(b)Γ ⁣(c−a) 2F1 ⁣(a,c−b,a−b+1,11−z)−(1−z)−bΓ(a)Γ ⁣(c−b) 2F1 ⁣(b,c−a,b−a+1,11−z)\frac{\sin\!\left(\pi \left(b - a\right)\right)}{\pi} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \frac{{\left(1 - z\right)}^{-a}}{\Gamma(b) \Gamma\!\left(c - a\right)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, c - b, a - b + 1, \frac{1}{1 - z}\right) - \frac{{\left(1 - z\right)}^{-b}}{\Gamma(a) \Gamma\!\left(c - b\right)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(b, c - a, b - a + 1, \frac{1}{1 - z}\right)
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sin⁡ ⁣(π(c−a−b))π 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=1Γ ⁣(c−a)Γ ⁣(c−b) 2F1 ⁣(a,b,a+b−c+1,1−z)−(1−z)c−a−bΓ(a)Γ(b) 2F1 ⁣(c−a,c−b,c−a−b+1,1−z)\frac{\sin\!\left(\pi \left(c - a - b\right)\right)}{\pi} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \frac{1}{\Gamma\!\left(c - a\right) \Gamma\!\left(c - b\right)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, a + b - c + 1, 1 - z\right) - \frac{{\left(1 - z\right)}^{c - a - b}}{\Gamma(a) \Gamma(b)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(c - a, c - b, c - a - b + 1, 1 - z\right)
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sin⁡ ⁣(π(c−a−b))π 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)=z−aΓ ⁣(c−a)Γ ⁣(c−b) 2F1 ⁣(a,a−c+1,a+b−c+1,1−1z)−za−c(1−z)c−a−bΓ(a)Γ(b) 2F1 ⁣(c−a,1−a,c−a−b+1,1−1z)\frac{\sin\!\left(\pi \left(c - a - b\right)\right)}{\pi} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) = \frac{{z}^{-a}}{\Gamma\!\left(c - a\right) \Gamma\!\left(c - b\right)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, a - c + 1, a + b - c + 1, 1 - \frac{1}{z}\right) - \frac{{z}^{a - c} {\left(1 - z\right)}^{c - a - b}}{\Gamma(a) \Gamma(b)} \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(c - a, 1 - a, c - a - b + 1, 1 - \frac{1}{z}\right)

Bounds and inequalities

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∣ 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z)−∑k=0N−1(a)k(b)k(c)kzkk!∣≤∣(a)N(b)N(c)NzNN!∣{11−D,D<1∞,otherwise   where D=∣z∣(1+∣a−c∣∣c+N∣)(1+∣b−1∣∣1+N∣)\left|\,{}_2F_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right) - \sum_{k=0}^{N - 1} \frac{\left(a\right)_{k} \left(b\right)_{k}}{\left(c\right)_{k}} \frac{{z}^{k}}{k !}\right| \le \left|\frac{\left(a\right)_{N} \left(b\right)_{N}}{\left(c\right)_{N}} \frac{{z}^{N}}{N !}\right| \begin{cases} \frac{1}{1 - D}, & D < 1\\\infty, & \text{otherwise}\\ \end{cases}\; \text{ where } D = \left|z\right| \left(1 + \frac{\left|a - c\right|}{\left|c + N\right|}\right) \left(1 + \frac{\left|b - 1\right|}{\left|1 + N\right|}\right)
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∣f(k)(z)k!∣≤A(N+kk)νk   where f(z)= 2F1 ⁣(a,b,c,z),  ν=max⁡ ⁣(1∣z−1∣,1∣z∣),  N=2max⁡ ⁣(ν−1∣ab∣,∣a+b+1∣+2∣c∣),  A=max⁡ ⁣(∣f(z)∣,∣f′(z)∣ν(N+1))\left|\frac{{f}^{(k)}(z)}{k !}\right| \le A {N + k \choose k} {\nu}^{k}\; \text{ where } f(z) = \,{}_2{\textbf F}_1\!\left(a, b, c, z\right),\;\nu = \max\!\left(\frac{1}{\left|z - 1\right|}, \frac{1}{\left|z\right|}\right),\;N = 2 \max\!\left(\sqrt{{\nu}^{-1} \left|a b\right|}, \left|a + b + 1\right| + 2 \left|c\right|\right),\;A = \max\!\left(\left|f(z)\right|, \frac{\left|f'(z)\right|}{\nu \left(N + 1\right)}\right)

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2021-03-15 19:12:00.328586 UTC