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Greatest common divisor

Table of contents: Definitions - Tables - Divisibility - Bézout identity - Connection formulas - Specific values - Functional equations - Factorization - Special sequences - Summation and counting - Bounds and inequalities

Definitions

287e28
Symbol: GCD — gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) — Greatest common divisor
c03ed9
Symbol: LCM — lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) — Least common multiple
5daceb
Symbol: XGCD — xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right) — Extended greatest common divisor

Tables

8b2743
Table of gcd⁡ ⁣(n,k)\gcd\!\left(n, k\right) for 0≤n≤150 \le n \le 15 and 0≤k≤150 \le k \le 15
a0d13f
Table of lcm⁡ ⁣(n,k)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(n, k\right) for 0≤n≤150 \le n \le 15 and 0≤k≤150 \le k \le 15
99dc4a
Table of xgcd⁡ ⁣(n,k)\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(n, k\right) for 0≤n≤100 \le n \le 10 and 0≤k≤100 \le k \le 10

Divisibility

6880d0
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=max⁡{d:d∈Z≥1  and⁡  d∣a  and⁡  d∣b}\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = \max \left\{ d : d \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 1} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; d \mid a \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; d \mid b \right\}
805c7a
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)=min⁡{m:m∈Z≥1  and⁡  a∣m  and⁡  b∣m}\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) = \min \left\{ m : m \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ge 1} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; a \mid m \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; b \mid m \right\}
7638c5
(d∣a  and⁡  d∣b)    ⟹    (d∣gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b))\left(d \mid a \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; d \mid b\right) \;\implies\; \left(d \mid \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)\right)
3605cc
(a∣m  and⁡  b∣m)    ⟹    (lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣m)\left(a \mid m \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; b \mid m\right) \;\implies\; \left(\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) \mid m\right)
5d03d2
(d∣a  or⁡  d∣b)    ⟹    (d∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b))\left(d \mid a \;\mathbin{\operatorname{or}}\; d \mid b\right) \;\implies\; \left(d \mid \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)\right)
a9c81e
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣a\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \mid a
272bc8
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣b\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \mid b
67978f
a∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)a \mid \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)
4f1441
b∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)b \mid \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)
65cfe5
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣ab\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) \mid a b
b60924
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣ab\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \mid a b
1277f6
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \mid \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)
e3392b
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣a+b\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \mid a + b
663d9c
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣ax+by\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \mid a x + b y

Bézout identity

be5fcd
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=d=au+bv   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = d = a u + b v\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)
965ac0
{ax+by:x∈Z  and⁡  y∈Z}={nd:n∈Z}   where d=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left\{ a x + b y : x \in \mathbb{Z} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; y \in \mathbb{Z} \right\} = \left\{ n d : n \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}\; \text{ where } d = \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)
e922c4
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=min⁡{ax+by:x∈Z  and⁡  y∈Z  and⁡  ax+by≥1}\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = \min \left\{ a x + b y : x \in \mathbb{Z} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; y \in \mathbb{Z} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; a x + b y \ge 1 \right\}
f20503
d=ax+by   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b),  (x,y)=(u+kbd,v−kad)d = a x + b y\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right),\;\left(x, y\right) = \left(u + \frac{k b}{d}, v - \frac{k a}{d}\right)

Connection formulas

4d3127
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)=∣ab∣\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) = \left|a b\right|
6572c5
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=∣ab∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = \frac{\left|a b\right|}{\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)}
927e6e
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)=∣ab∣gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) = \frac{\left|a b\right|}{\gcd\!\left(a, b\right)}
126f3e
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=d   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = d\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)

Specific values

19ceaa
gcd⁡ ⁣(0,0)=0\gcd\!\left(0, 0\right) = 0
af512f
lcm⁡ ⁣(0,0)=0\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(0, 0\right) = 0
554b2e
gcd⁡ ⁣(1,1)=1\gcd\!\left(1, 1\right) = 1
34378a
lcm⁡ ⁣(1,1)=1\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(1, 1\right) = 1
c40be0
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,0)=∣a∣\gcd\!\left(a, 0\right) = \left|a\right|
0a7aff
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,0)=0\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, 0\right) = 0
720766
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,1)=1\gcd\!\left(a, 1\right) = 1
8d90e9
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,1)=∣a∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, 1\right) = \left|a\right|
0f26cc
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,a)=∣a∣\gcd\!\left(a, a\right) = \left|a\right|
c6631e
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,a)=∣a∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, a\right) = \left|a\right|
5fb5e2
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,2)=1+1+(−1)a2\gcd\!\left(a, 2\right) = 1 + \frac{1 + {\left(-1\right)}^{a}}{2}
157c33
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,2)=∣a∣(1+1−(−1)a2)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, 2\right) = \left|a\right| \left(1 + \frac{1 - {\left(-1\right)}^{a}}{2}\right)
c70178
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,a−1)=1\gcd\!\left(a, a - 1\right) = 1
e19e40
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,a−1)=a(a−1)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, a - 1\right) = a \left(a - 1\right)
80f20f
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,a−2)=1+1+(−1)a2\gcd\!\left(a, a - 2\right) = 1 + \frac{1 + {\left(-1\right)}^{a}}{2}
7a1799
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,a−2)=∣a(a−2)∣2(1+1−(−1)a2)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, a - 2\right) = \frac{\left|a \left(a - 2\right)\right|}{2} \left(1 + \frac{1 - {\left(-1\right)}^{a}}{2}\right)

Canonical Bézout coefficients

e352ca
xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,0)=(∣a∣,sgn⁡(a),0)\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, 0\right) = \left(\left|a\right|, \operatorname{sgn}(a), 0\right)
6fd925
xgcd⁡ ⁣(0,b)=(∣b∣,0,sgn⁡(b))\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(0, b\right) = \left(\left|b\right|, 0, \operatorname{sgn}(b)\right)
13ed5e
xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,1)=(1,0,1)\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, 1\right) = \left(1, 0, 1\right)
bf877e
xgcd⁡ ⁣(1,b)=(1,∣sgn⁡ ⁣((b−1)(b+1))∣,sgn⁡(b)(sgn⁡ ⁣(b+1)−sgn⁡ ⁣(b−1)))\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(1, b\right) = \left(1, \left|\operatorname{sgn}\!\left(\left(b - 1\right) \left(b + 1\right)\right)\right|, \operatorname{sgn}(b) \left(\operatorname{sgn}\!\left(b + 1\right) - \operatorname{sgn}\!\left(b - 1\right)\right)\right)
945be9
xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,a)=(∣a∣,0,sgn⁡(a))\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, a\right) = \left(\left|a\right|, 0, \operatorname{sgn}(a)\right)
0bb73e
xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,−a)=(∣a∣,0,−sgn⁡(a))\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, -a\right) = \left(\left|a\right|, 0, -\operatorname{sgn}(a)\right)
b66d1e
xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,−1)=(1,0,−1)\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, -1\right) = \left(1, 0, -1\right)
1b47db
xgcd⁡ ⁣(−1,b)=(1,−∣sgn⁡ ⁣((b−1)(b+1))∣,sgn⁡(b)(sgn⁡ ⁣(b+1)−sgn⁡ ⁣(b−1)))\operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(-1, b\right) = \left(1, -\left|\operatorname{sgn}\!\left(\left(b - 1\right) \left(b + 1\right)\right)\right|, \operatorname{sgn}(b) \left(\operatorname{sgn}\!\left(b + 1\right) - \operatorname{sgn}\!\left(b - 1\right)\right)\right)
a5ef5f
(∣a∣=∣b∣)    ⟹    ((u,v)=(0,sgn⁡(b)))   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left(\left|a\right| = \left|b\right|\right) \;\implies\; \left(\left(u, v\right) = \left(0, \operatorname{sgn}(b)\right)\right)\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)
633265
(∣a∣≠∣b∣  and⁡  ∣a∣≠∣2d∣)    ⟹    (2d∣v∣<∣a∣)   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left(\left|a\right| \ne \left|b\right| \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; \left|a\right| \ne \left|2 d\right|\right) \;\implies\; \left(2 d \left|v\right| < \left|a\right|\right)\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)
4e5aad
(∣a∣≠∣b∣  and⁡  ∣a∣=∣2d∣)    ⟹    (v=sgn⁡(b))   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left(\left|a\right| \ne \left|b\right| \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; \left|a\right| = \left|2 d\right|\right) \;\implies\; \left(v = \operatorname{sgn}(b)\right)\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)
da7d00
(∣a∣≠∣b∣  and⁡  ∣b∣≠∣2d∣)    ⟹    (2d∣u∣<∣b∣)   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left(\left|a\right| \ne \left|b\right| \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; \left|b\right| \ne \left|2 d\right|\right) \;\implies\; \left(2 d \left|u\right| < \left|b\right|\right)\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)
569278
(∣a∣≠∣b∣  and⁡  ∣b∣=∣2d∣)    ⟹    (u=sgn⁡(a))   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left(\left|a\right| \ne \left|b\right| \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; \left|b\right| = \left|2 d\right|\right) \;\implies\; \left(u = \operatorname{sgn}(a)\right)\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)

Functional equations

Symmetry

258fc7
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(b,a)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(b, a\right)
14b96c
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)=lcm⁡ ⁣(b,a)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) = \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(b, a\right)
f1817f
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(−a,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,−b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(−a,−b)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(-a, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(a, -b\right) = \gcd\!\left(-a, -b\right)
dc0823
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)=lcm⁡ ⁣(−a,b)=lcm⁡ ⁣(a,−b)=lcm⁡ ⁣(−a,−b)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) = \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(-a, b\right) = \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, -b\right) = \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(-a, -b\right)

Addition and multiplication formulas

e65763
gcd⁡ ⁣(a+b,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a + b, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)
b36dba
gcd⁡ ⁣(a−b,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a - b, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)
07ac4a
gcd⁡ ⁣(a+nb,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a + n b, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)
959a25
gcd⁡ ⁣(a mod b,b)=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(a \bmod b, b\right) = \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)
d4852c
gcd⁡ ⁣(na,nb)=∣n∣gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\gcd\!\left(n a, n b\right) = \left|n\right| \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)
9500d3
lcm⁡ ⁣(na,nb)=∣n∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(n a, n b\right) = \left|n\right| \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)
5781de
lcm⁡ ⁣(a+b,b)=∣a+b∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣a∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a + b, b\right) = \frac{\left|a + b\right| \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)}{\left|a\right|}
e74d86
lcm⁡ ⁣(a−b,b)=∣a−b∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣a∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a - b, b\right) = \frac{\left|a - b\right| \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)}{\left|a\right|}
1bbdaf
lcm⁡ ⁣(a+nb,b)=∣a+nb∣lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣a∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a + n b, b\right) = \frac{\left|a + n b\right| \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)}{\left|a\right|}
646745
gcd⁡ ⁣(ad,bd)=gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣d∣\gcd\!\left(\frac{a}{d}, \frac{b}{d}\right) = \frac{\gcd\!\left(a, b\right)}{\left|d\right|}
cb9f61
lcm⁡ ⁣(ad,bd)=lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)∣d∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(\frac{a}{d}, \frac{b}{d}\right) = \frac{\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)}{\left|d\right|}

Distributivity

4366b2
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,gcd⁡ ⁣(b,c))=gcd⁡ ⁣(gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b),c)\gcd\!\left(a, \gcd\!\left(b, c\right)\right) = \gcd\!\left(\gcd\!\left(a, b\right), c\right)
1cde02
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,lcm⁡ ⁣(b,c))=lcm⁡ ⁣(lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b),c)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(b, c\right)\right) = \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right), c\right)
8dc1c9
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,lcm⁡ ⁣(b,c))=lcm⁡ ⁣(gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b),gcd⁡ ⁣(a,c))\gcd\!\left(a, \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(b, c\right)\right) = \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(\gcd\!\left(a, b\right), \gcd\!\left(a, c\right)\right)
c4a892
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,gcd⁡ ⁣(b,c))=gcd⁡ ⁣(lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b),lcm⁡ ⁣(a,c))\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, \gcd\!\left(b, c\right)\right) = \gcd\!\left(\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right), \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, c\right)\right)
1d1653
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b))=∣a∣\gcd\!\left(a, \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right)\right) = \left|a\right|
7009cc
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b))=∣a∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, \gcd\!\left(a, b\right)\right) = \left|a\right|

Factorization

Coprime factors

8621f6
gcd⁡ ⁣(rs,c)=gcd⁡ ⁣(r,c)gcd⁡ ⁣(s,c)\gcd\!\left(r s, c\right) = \gcd\!\left(r, c\right) \gcd\!\left(s, c\right)
fbe121
lcm⁡ ⁣(rs,c)=lcm⁡ ⁣(r,c)lcm⁡ ⁣(s,c)∣c∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(r s, c\right) = \frac{\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(r, c\right) \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(s, c\right)}{\left|c\right|}

Coprime arguments

5aad5c
gcd⁡ ⁣(rm,sn)=1\gcd\!\left({r}^{m}, {s}^{n}\right) = 1
250a45
lcm⁡ ⁣(r,s)=∣rs∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(r, s\right) = \left|r s\right|

Prime factorization

062423
gcd⁡ ⁣(p,q)=1\gcd\!\left(p, q\right) = 1
499cfc
gcd⁡ ⁣(pm,qn)=1\gcd\!\left({p}^{m}, {q}^{n}\right) = 1
25986e
gcd⁡ ⁣(∏k=1mpkek,∏k=1mpkfk)=∏k=1mpkmin⁡(ek,fk)\gcd\!\left(\prod_{k=1}^{m} p_{k}^{{e}_{k}}, \prod_{k=1}^{m} p_{k}^{{f}_{k}}\right) = \prod_{k=1}^{m} p_{k}^{\min\left({e}_{k}, {f}_{k}\right)}
6cefd7
lcm⁡ ⁣(∏k=1mpkek,∏k=1mpkfk)=∏k=1mpkmax⁡(ek,fk)\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(\prod_{k=1}^{m} p_{k}^{{e}_{k}}, \prod_{k=1}^{m} p_{k}^{{f}_{k}}\right) = \prod_{k=1}^{m} p_{k}^{\max\left({e}_{k}, {f}_{k}\right)}

Special sequences

fdae67
gcd⁡ ⁣(na−1,nb−1)=ngcd⁡(a,b)−1\gcd\!\left({n}^{a} - 1, {n}^{b} - 1\right) = {n}^{\gcd\left(a, b\right)} - 1
da45c0
gcd⁡ ⁣(Fm,Fn)=Fgcd⁡(m,n)\gcd\!\left(F_{m}, F_{n}\right) = F_{\gcd\left(m, n\right)}

Summation and counting

7b27cd
#{k:k∈{1,2,…,n}  and⁡  gcd⁡ ⁣(n,k)=1}=φ(n)\# \left\{ k : k \in \{1, 2, \ldots, n\} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; \gcd\!\left(n, k\right) = 1 \right\} = \varphi(n)
4099d2
lim⁡N→∞1Nn#{T:T∈({1,2,…,N})n  and⁡  gcd⁡(T)=1}=1ζ ⁣(n)\lim_{N \to \infty} \frac{1}{{N}^{n}} \# \left\{ T : T \in {\left(\{1, 2, \ldots, N\}\right)}^{n} \;\mathbin{\operatorname{and}}\; \gcd(T) = 1 \right\} = \frac{1}{\zeta\!\left(n\right)}
aaef97
∑k=1ngcd⁡ ⁣(n,k)=∑d∣ndφ ⁣(nd)\sum_{k=1}^{n} \gcd\!\left(n, k\right) = \sum_{d \mid n} d \varphi\!\left(\frac{n}{d}\right)
c24323
∑k=1nlcm⁡ ⁣(n,k)=n2(1+∑d∣ndφ(d))\sum_{k=1}^{n} \operatorname{lcm}\!\left(n, k\right) = \frac{n}{2} \left(1 + \sum_{d \mid n} d \varphi(d)\right)

Bounds and inequalities

125606
lcm⁡ ⁣(a,b)≤∣ab∣\operatorname{lcm}\!\left(a, b\right) \le \left|a b\right|
56acd6
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)≤max⁡ ⁣(∣a∣,∣b∣)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \le \max\!\left(\left|a\right|, \left|b\right|\right)
f91d1c
gcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)≤min⁡ ⁣(∣a∣,∣b∣)\gcd\!\left(a, b\right) \le \min\!\left(\left|a\right|, \left|b\right|\right)
b43dac
∣u∣≤∣b∣d   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left|u\right| \le \frac{\left|b\right|}{d}\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)
10ed14
∣v∣≤∣a∣d   where (d,u,v)=xgcd⁡ ⁣(a,b)\left|v\right| \le \frac{\left|a\right|}{d}\; \text{ where } \left(d, u, v\right) = \operatorname{xgcd}\!\left(a, b\right)

Copyright (C) Fredrik Johansson and contributors. Fungrim is provided under the MIT license. The source code is on GitHub.

2021-03-15 19:12:00.328586 UTC